The Holocaust and its Survivors Children

Evidence shows that the children of Holocaust survivors, referred to as the Second Generation, can be deeply affected both negatively and positively—by the horrific events their parents experienced. The intergenerational transmission of trauma is so strong that Holocaust-related influences can even be seen in the Third Generation, children of the children of survivors. We are all born into some story, with its particular background scenery, that affects our physical, emotional, social and spiritual growth. In the case of children of Holocaust survivors, the background story tends to be either a stifled mystery or overflowing with traumatic information. In the first case, the child may feel drained and in the second case overwhelmed.Either way, a child whose background story includes the Holocaust may experience some difficulty in their development. At the same time, the child may gain from their parents experience some helpful coping skills. According to studies, the long-term effects of the Holocaust on the children of survivors suggest a psychological profile. Their parents suffering may have affected their upbringing, personal relationships, and perspective on life. Eva Fogelman, a psychologist who treats Holocaust survivors and their children, suggests a  second generation  complex characterized by processes that affect identity, self-esteem, interpersonal interactions, and worldview. Psychological Vulnerability Literature suggests that after the war many survivors quickly entered into loveless marriages in their desire to rebuild their family life as quickly as possible. And these survivors remained married even though the marriages may have lacked emotional intimacy. Children of these types of marriages may not have been given the nurturance needed to develop positive self-images. Survivor-parents have also shown a tendency to be over-involved in their childrens lives, even to the point of suffocation. Some researchers suggested that the reason for this over-involvement is the survivors feeling that their children exist to replace what was so traumatically lost. This over-involvement may exhibit itself in feeling overly sensitive and anxious about their childrens behavior, forcing their children to fulfill certain roles or pushing their children to be high achievers. Similarly, many survivor-parents were over-protective of their children, and they transmitted their distrust of the external environment to their children. Consequently, some Second Gens have found it difficult to become autonomous and to trust people outside their family. Another possible characteristic of Second Gens is difficulty with psychological separation-individuation from their parents. Often in families of survivors, separation becomes associated with death. A child who does manage to separate may be seen as betraying or abandoning the family. And anyone who encourages a child to separate may be seen as a threat or even a persecutor. A higher frequency of separation anxiety and guilt was found in children of survivors than in other children. It follows that many children of survivors have an intense need to act as protectors of their parents. Secondary Traumatization Some survivors did not talk to their children about their Holocaust experiences. These Second Gens were raised in homes of hidden mystery. This silence contributed to a culture of repression within these families. Other survivors talked a great deal to their children about their Holocaust experiences. In some cases, the talk was too much, too soon, or too often. In both cases, secondary traumatization may have occurred in Second Gens as a result of exposure to their traumatized parents. According to the American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress, children of Holocaust survivors may be at higher risk for psychiatric symptoms including depression, anxiety, and PTSD (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder) due to this secondary traumatization. There are four main types of PTSD symptoms, and a diagnosis of PTSD requires the presence of all four types of symptoms: re-experiencing the trauma (flashbacks, nightmares, intrusive memories, exaggerated emotional and physical reactions to things reminiscent of the trauma)emotional numbingavoidance of things reminiscent of the traumaincreased arousal (irritability, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response, difficulty sleeping). Resilience While trauma can be transmitted across the generations, so can resilience. Resilient traits—such as adaptability, initiative, and tenacity—that enabled survivor-parents to survive the Holocaust may have been passed on to their children. In addition, studies have shown that Holocaust survivors and their children have a tendency to be task-oriented and hard workers. They also know how to actively cope with and adapt to challenges. Strong family values is another positive characteristic displayed by many survivors and their children. As a group, the survivor and children of survivor community have a tribal character in that membership in the group is based on shared injuries. Within this community, there is polarization. One the one hand, there is shame over being a victim, fear of being stigmatized, and the need to keep defense mechanisms on active alert. On the other hand, there is a need for understanding and recognition. Third and Fourth Generations Little research has been done on the effects of the Holocaust on the Third Generation. Publications about the effects of the Holocaust on the families of survivors peaked between 1980 and 1990 and then declined. Perhaps as the Third Generation matures, they will initiate a new phase of study and writing. Even without the research, it is clear that the Holocaust plays an important psychological role in the identity of Third Gens. One noticeable attribute of this third generation is the close bond they have with their grandparents. According to the Eva Fogelman, a very interesting psychological trend is that the third generation is a lot closer to their grandparents and that its a lot easier for grandparents to communicate with this generation than it was for them to communicate with the second generation. Given the less intense relationship with their grandchildren than with their children, many survivors have found it easier to share their experiences with the Third Generation than with the Second. In addition, by the time the grandchildren were old enough to understand, it was easier for the survivors to speak. The Third Gens are the ones who will be alive when all the survivors have passed on when remembering the Holocaust becomes a new challenge. As the â€Å"last link† to the survivors, the Third Generation will be the one with the mandate to continue to tell the stories. Some Third Gens are getting to the age where they are having their own children. Thus, some Second Gens are now becoming grandparents, becoming the grandparents they never had. By living what they were not able to experience themselves, a broken circle is being mended and closed. With the arrival of the fourth generation, once again the Jewish family is becoming whole. The ghastly wounds suffered by Holocaust survivors and the scars worn by their children and even their grandchildren seem to be finally healing with the Fourth Generation.

Core Values In Beowulf - 774 Words

The people exalt their beloved king who sacrifices himself to save his citizens from monsters in the resolution of Beowulf. Beowulf bravely fought for peace against evil forces, including Grendel, Grendel’s mom, and a fire spitting dragon, numerous times. Beowulf became the societal ideal of a man in the Anglo-Saxon time period because of his heroic deeds. Beowulf clings to Anglo-Saxon values and demonstrates their significance by defeating monsters, which motivates one of his men to follow. Wiglaf aspires to overcome his own fears to achieve glory from observing Beowulf’s dedication to their core values. The epic’s ending further emphasizes the most significant Anglo-Saxon values and themes such as fame, courage, and loyalty through†¦show more content†¦Wiglaf was the only man to stay with Beowulf when others â€Å"ran for their lives† and â€Å"fled deep in a wood†, despite their earlier claims of remaining loyal. Wiglaf condemned the men later and â€Å"angrily told them what men without courage must hear. Wexstan’s brave son stared at the traitors, his heart sorrowful†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Wiglaf showed true courage by entering the fight even though his life was at stake, when none of Beowulf’s boastful men dared to face the dragon. Wiglaf remains loyal to Beowulf and earns himself the throne of Geatland as a reward. Loyalty is a major theme that influences Beowulf’s decisions from choosing weapons to praising God for his victories. Beowulf gave â€Å"the golden necklace from around his throat to Wiglaf, gave him his gold-covered helmet, and his rings, and his mail shirt, and ordered him to use them well.† Beowulf trusted his weapons to protect and defend him during his battles. His mail shirt protected him against Grendel’s mom’s claws and the fire breathing dragon’s flames. The sword was an heirloom gift and successfully killed the dragon. Beowulf believed the weapons would serve Wiglaf well and protect him the same. Beowulf trusts in material objects and in their God whom they cannot see. Beowulf trusts that heShow MoreRelatedThe Similarities And Differences Of Beowulf And Robin Hood749 Words   |  3 Pagesgoing ‘back in time’ to an Anglo-Saxon hero like Beowulf or even hearing about a somewhat modern hero like Robin Hood in todays day and age, one can think of several key differences and similarities that the two heroes share. Heroes are a universal concept, but not every hero is universally the same. Although the concept of a hero stretches around the globe, not every hero is a carbon-copy of another. The main difference between a hero like Beowulf and a hero like Robin Hood is their willingnessRead MoreBeowulf, The Epic Hero1239 Words   |  5 PagesBeowulf, The Epic Hero An epic is a long poem, usually derived from ancient oral stories, describing the adventures and deeds of a legendary hero. 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Manila Lodge No. 761 vs Ca Free Essays

MANILA LODGE NO. 761 vs CA ARTICLE 1431 MANILA LODGE NO. 761, BENEVOLENT AND PROTECTIVE ORDER OF THE ELKS, INC. We will write a custom essay sample on Manila Lodge No. 761 vs Ca or any similar topic only for you Order Now , petitioner, vs. THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS, CITY OF MANILA, and TARLAC DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, respondents. (G. R. No. L-41001 September 30, 1976) TARLAC DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, petitioner, vs. HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS, CITY OF MANILA, LODGE NO. 761, BENEVOLENT AND PROTECTIVE ORDER OF ELKS, INC. , respondents. (No. L-41012 September 30, 1976) |THE CASE two cases are petitions on certiorari to review the decision dated June 30, 1975 of the Court of Appeals that the property subject is a â€Å"public park or| |plaza. | |FACTS | |On June 26, 1905 the Philippine Commission enacted Act No. l360 which authorized the City of Manila to reclaim a portion of Manila Bay. The reclaimed area was | |to form part of the Luneta extension. | |Subsequently, the Philippine Commission passed on May 18, 1907 Act No. 1657, amending Act No. 1360, so as to authorize the City of’ Manila either to lease or to| |sell the portion set aside as a hotel site. |On July 13, 1911 the City of Mani la, affirming a prior sale dated January 16, 1909 cancelled 5,543. 07 square meters of the reclaimed area to the Manila Lodge | |No. 761, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the U. S. A. | |Manila Lodge No. 761, BPOE, subsequently sold the said 5,543. 07 square meters to the Elks Club, Inc. The registered owner, â€Å"The Elks Club, Inc. ,† was later | |changed by court oder to â€Å"Manila Lodge No. 761, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, Inc. | |In January 1963 the BPOE. petitioned the Court of First Instance for the cancellation of the right of the City of Manila to repurchase the property. GRANTED | |On November 19, 1963 the BPOE sold the land to Tarlac Development Corporation (TDC). | |In June 1964 the City of Manila filed with the Court of First Instance of Manila a petition for the reannotation of its right to repurchase. | |RTC RULING the subject land to be part of the â€Å"public park or plaza† and, therefore, part of the public domain. The court consequently declared that the sale of| |the subject land by the City of Manila to Manila Lodge No. 761, BPOE, was null and void; that plaintiff TDC was a purchaser thereof in g faith and for value | |from BPOE and can enforce its rights against the latter. | |CA RULING AFFIRMED the lower court’s decision. | |ISSUE | |WON the subject property was patrimonial property of the City of Manila and not a park or plaza. NO | |WON the City of Manila is estopped from questioning the validity of the sale it execute, conconveying the subject property to the Manila Lodge No. 761, BPOE. NO| |SC RULING We hold that it is of public dominion, intended for public use. When the shore or part of the bay is reclaimed, it does not lose its character of | |being property for public use. | | | |It is not necessary, therefore, that a plaza be already constructed of- laid out as a plaza in order that it be considered property for public use. It is | |sufficient that it be intended to be such In the case at bar, it has been shown that the intention of the lawmaking body in giving to the City of Manila the | |extension to the Luneta was not a grant to it of patrimonial property but a grant for public use as a plaza. | | | |We have demonstrated ad satietatem that the Luneta extension as intended to be property of the City of Manila for public use. The conversion of the said | |property into patrimonial property is within the executive’s and possibly the legislation department’s authority and the power to make the declaration that | |said property, is no longer required for public use, and until such declaration i made the property must continue to form paint of the public domain. In the | |case at bar, there has been no such explicit or unequivocal declaration. | | | |TDC finally claims that the City of Manila is estopped from questioning the validity of the sale it xecuted on July 13,’1911 conconveying the subject property | |to the Manila Lodge No. 761, BPOE. This contention cannot be seriously defended in the light of the doctrine repeatedly enunciated by this Court that the | |Government is never estopped by mistakes or errors on the pan of its agents, and estoppel does not apply to a municipal corporation to validate a contract that | |is prohibited by law or its against Republic policy, and the sale of July 13, 1911 executed by the City of Manila to Manila Lodge was certainly a contract | |prohibited by law. Moreover, estoppel cannot be urged even if the City of Manila accepted the benefits of such contract of sale and the Manila Lodge No. 761 had| |performed its part of the agreement, for to apply the doctrine of estoppel against the City of Manila in this case would be tantamount to enabling it to do | |indirectly what it could not do directly. | | | |The sale of the subject property executed by the City of Manila to the Manila Lodge No. 61, BPOE, was void and inexistent for lack of subject matter. It | |suffered from an incurable defect that could not be ratified either by lapse of time or by express ratification. The Manila Lodge No. 761 therefore acquired no | |right by virtue of the said sale. Hence to consider now the contract inexistent as it always has seen, cannot be, as claimed by the Manila Lodge No. 761, an | |impairment of the obligations of contracts, for there was it, contemplation of law, no contract at all. | | |The inexistence of said sale can be set up against anyone who asserts a right arising from it, not only against the first vendee, the Manila Lodge No. 761, | |BPOE, but also against all its suceessors, including the TDC which are not protected the doctrine of bona fide ii purchaser without notice, being claimed by the| |TDC does not apply where there is a total absence of title in the vendor, and the good faith of the purchaser TDC cannot create title where none exists. | How to cite Manila Lodge No. 761 vs Ca, Essay examples

Manage Recruitment and Selection

Question: Explain about the Manage Recruitment and Selection. Answer: General presentation: contracts of employment Under the current job enactment, every employee must get composed contract of the terms and conditions within two months of beginning. This announcement, together with a depiction of the obligations of the post, is issued to an individual from staff by the delegating office in a standard organization position as the formal letter of appointment (Nzele, 2002). Probation An arrangement might be made subject to a characterized probation, in which case the period is determined in your letter of appointment and or proclamation of terms of job. On the off chance that the employee contract is liable to a probation, your advancement ought to regularly be looked into and talked about with them, typically no later than part of the way through the trial time frame, notwithstanding the standard checking of your execution as another individual from staff. The motivation behind a probation period is to guarantee that an employee taking up another arrangement is, inside a sensible timeframe, ready to pick up a full comprehension of the necessities of the post and to accomplish an agreeable level of performance. In any case, where the employee has not possessed the capacity to go to work for the full length of the expressed probation period maybe they fell sick or they were absent, the organization may choose to extend the probation period (Frank, 2008). Appraisal The target of evaluation is to enhance correspondence between individuals from staff and those in charge of their administration and accordingly expand work fulfillment, inspiration, and the adequacy with which the association works. Evaluation is not identified with advancement, merit honors or disciplinary activity (Graham, 2008). Salaries Wage/Remuneration/Payment There is no recommended ratio of compensation. Extra installments, (for example, for additional time or work on weekends or Public Holidays) are ascertained from the aggregate compensation as showed in the agreement. The aggregate compensation is the aggregate of the cash gotten by the representative and the installment (i.e. the estimation of sustenance and settlement.). The employee will be paid not less than $2000 a month (Ray, 2009). Superannuation The organization offers characterized advantage word related annuity plans for qualified representatives. These plans give an annuity and a duty free singular amount on retirement and in addition life cover whilst in the company's employment. You are a qualified worker in the event that you have been issued an agreement of job and are matured no less than 18 and under 55 (Nzele, 2002). Retirement You may choose to resign at any given time, the base annuity age stipulated in the Rules of the benefits plan to which you the employee belongs , on giving the measure of notification that would be required to end the arrangement. Qualification for retirement advantages, and the advantages payable, will be as per the procurements of the annuity plan. (Graham, 2008). Work permit The association must consent to Home Office necessities to guarantee that all representatives and laborers have authorization to work in the nation. In the event that one is not a native of the nation, they will require a visa to work in the country (Frank, 2008). Personnel records and changes in individual circumstances Any employee should notify in writing of any change to your name, address, conjugal status, closest relative, especially to the payroll section at the human resource department (Graham, 2008). Public Holidays The days said in the Public Holidays Act must be allowed yet the gatherings can consent to further open occasions. Deal with an open occasion is completely willful and a employer may not be compelled to chip away at such open occasion. The official open occasions are: 1 January this is the New Years Day 21 March this is the Human Rights Day Easter holiday Family Day which varies depending on the years 27 April which is the independence Day 1 May this is the Workers Day 16 June this is the Youth day 9 August this is National Woman's Day 16 December this is the Day of Reconciliation 25 December this is Christmas Day 26 December this is the Day of Goodwill The other days proclaimed official holiday occasion every now and then ought to conceded. Some days can be traded off for some other day by assertion. In the event that the worker deals with an open occasion, they might be paid the typical days wage (Ray, 2009) Yearly Leave Annual leave may not be less than 21 continuous days for all day laborers, a day at regular intervals worked or one hour at regular intervals worked. The annual leave must be allowed after six months after finishing a 12 sequential months of working. The yearly leave may not be allowed simultaneously with any time of debilitated leave, nor with a time of notice of the end of the agreement of job (Frank, 2008). Sick leave Amid each drained leave cycle of 36 months, a member of staff is qualified for a measure of paid debilitated leave equivalent to the quantity of days the representative would ordinarily work amid a time of six weeks. Throughout the initial six months of vacation, a worker is qualified for one day's remunerated wiped out leave for the clockwork worked (Nzele ,2002). In the business it is not a mandatory to pay a worker if the member of staff has been truant from work for more than two continuous days or even more than two events amid an two months time frame. On the off chance that the representative does not deliver, a therapeutic endorsement expressing that the worker was not able work for the length of the representative's nonattendance because of ailment or damage (Graham, 2008). Maternity leave The member of staff is qualified for four sequential months' or less maternity clear out. The organization is not indebted to pay the local laborer for the period for which they are off work because of her prenatal period. However, the staff meetings may concur that the household specialist will get part of or their whole wage for the time that they are off because of pregnancy (Frank, 2008). Termination of Appointments Notice period and termination of employment As far as the Basic Circumstances of Employment Act, any collection of a business contract must provide a notification a week prior to the leave: One week, if one worked for four weeks or give a notification four weeks earlier if one worked for Four weeks (Graham, 2008). Reference Graham Hooley, etal (2008) marketing strategy and competitive positioning; 4th Edition, Asgford colour press. Ray H. arrison and Erick W.Noreen (2009) Managerial accounting, Cocepts for Planning,control and decision making, 7th Edition Usa. Nzele D. Nzomo (2002) Basic Accounting principles and procedures, Nairobi University Press Frank Woods and Alan Sangster (2008) Business Accounting, 11th Edition , Lombarda Italy. Troy, L. (2008). Almanac of business and industrial financial ratios. Chicago, IL: CCH Leach, R. (2010). Ratios made simple: A beginner's guide to the key financial ratios. Petersfield, Hampshire: Harriman House. Gibson, C. H. (2009). Financial reporting analysis: Using financial accounting information. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Bull, R. (2008). Financial ratios: How to use financial ratios to maximise value and success for your business. Amsterdam: Elsevier/CIMA Pub. Albrecht, W. S. (2007). Accounting, concepts applications. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western. Duchac, J. E., Warren, C. S., Reeve, J. M. (2011). Accounting using Excel for success. Mason, Ohio: South-Western. A dictionary of accounting. (2010). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Simanovsky, S. (2010). Accounting for beginners. Grandville, MI: Global Finance School.